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Getting rid of the native inhabitants
of Palestine has long been one of the tenets of Zionism. It was
clearly spelled out by Yosef Weitz, the head of the Transfer
Committee and the chief of land-confiscation operations. As early as
1940, he proposed an ethnic cleansing plan: “The only solution is to
transfer the Arabs from here to neighbouring countries. Not a single
village or a single tribe must be left.”
Plan Dalet was designed to “occupy...expel” the Palestinian people.
It was David Ben-Gurion’s doctrine that the destruction of the
Palestinian people and their cultural and physical landscape was the
precondition for creating the state of Israel on its ruins. The
systematic elimination of the Palestinians in 1948 took the
following forms:
2.1 Military Plans for Jewish Settlement
As early as January 1948, four months before the official war began,
the Zionists prepared plans for the settlement of 1.5 million new
immigrants over and above the existing 600,000 Jews, two-thirds of
whom were themselves recent immigrants under the British Mandate.
During the Jewish military operations that followed the UN partition
resolution of November 1947 and before the end of the British
Mandate, more than half of the Palestinian refugees were expelled.
The settlement agencies headed by the Jewish National Fund (JNF)
directed the military attacks to acquire coveted land, such as the
villages of Indur, Qumiya, Ma’lul, Mujaidil and Buteimat in Galilee,
which were destroyed primarily to grab their land.
2.2 Physical Elimination of the Refugees
Almost every one of the thirty-odd Zionist/Israeli military
operations was accompanied by a massacre of civilians. There were at
least thirty-five reported massacres, half of which took place
before any Arab regular soldier set foot in Palestine. The most
notorious of these massacres is Deir Yassin, the largest is Dawayma,
and the latest disclosed by an Israeli researcher, Teddy Katz, but
known to Palestinians all along, is Tantoura.
Shooting of civilians was not restricted to wartime. After the
fighting ceased, some of the refugees tried to return home to rescue
civilians left behind, to retrieve some belongings or to attend to
crops or cattle. These returnees were shot on the spot as
“infiltrators.” The UN truce observers reported hundreds of such
cases.
2.3 Plunder and Destruction of Property
Plunder took place in the immediate aftermath of military assaults,
especially in cities such as Haifa, Jaffa, Lydda, and Jerusalem. The
looters included nearby kibbutzniks, Israel Defense Forces (IDF)
brigade commanders and the high-ranking political figures of the
ruling Mapai (Labor) party. There followed a massive campaign of
destruction, which lasted over fifteen years and in which 53 percent
of the 418 villages surveyed were totally destroyed and 44.5 percent
partially destroyed. The clear aim of this destruction was to
prevent the return of the refugees.
2.4 Political Action
Soon after the state of Israel was declared on May 14, 1948 and
following the protest of UN mediator Count Folke Bernadotte, who
witnessed, by June 1948, the expulsion of about 500,000 refugees,
the Provisional Government of Israel stated that it could not allow
any refugees to return before a peace treaty was signed, on the
pretext that these refugees would be a “security threat.” Even after
the fighting stopped, Israel refused to re-admit the refugees, and
it maintains this position in the international arena to this day.
It does so even though Israel’s admission to the UN in May 1949 was
unique in that it is the only UN member whose admittance is
“conditional” upon the return of refugees (Resolution 194) and
withdrawal to the lines of the partition plan (Resolution 181).
2.5 Creation of a Fictitious Legal Web to Mask Illegal
Confiscation
Before, during and after the 1948 war, Israel/Zionists resorted to
many pseudo-legal devices to organize and justify the confiscation
of 18,700 square kilometres (92 percent of Israel) of Palestinian
land, in addition to the property found in 530 depopulated towns and
villages. The property was held by the Custodian of the Absentee
(i.e., refugee) Property and transferred later to the Development
Authority. All such land, as well as JNF holdings, is now
administered by the Israel Land Administration (ILA). According to
Israel, the “Absentee” is a Palestinian refugee not allowed by
Israel to return. The term also applies to Palestinian citizens of
Israel, who are not “Absent,” hence dubbed “Present Absentees”; much
of their land has also been confiscated.
2.6 Importing of Jewish Immigrants to Fill the Depopulated
Villages
Immediately upon the invasion of Palestinian villages, Israel
activated its program of sending Mossad agents to transport Jews in
Arab countries to Israel. The immigrants were persuaded by a mixture
of rosy promises, incentives, and, for the reluctant ones, various
acts of coercion, including throwing grenades at their houses. About
700,000 Jewish immigrants arrived in the period 1949-52. Many of
them were unhappy about the discriminatory treatment they received
at the hands of the ruling Ashkenazi. Their resentment is still
strong today.
All these actions were designed to prevent the return of refugees to
their homes. While Israel was successful in preventing their return,
the refugees remained adamant in their intention to return. They
could often see their old homes across the barbed wire of the
armistice line; indeed, most refugees still reside within a two-hour
bus ride of their homes. After their expulsion during al Nakba of
1948, the problem for Israel thus became how to get rid of the
refugees themselves, wherever they may be in exile.
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